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Vliv podmínek inkubace na parametry užitkovosti brojlerových kuřat
Opavská, Tereza
This thesis deals with the effect of increased temperature during first 36 hours of incubation on embryonic development, hatchability, day-old chicks quality and subsequently on their growth. The chickens of the control group were hatched at a standard temperature of 100,8 °F and the experimental group had increased temperature of 102,5 °F for the first 36 hours of incubation. The growth experiment was performer on 423 roosters of the Ross 308 hybrid combination from hatch to day 31 of age. The day-old chicks from the control group weighed statistically significantly (P<0,05) more than the experimental group. However, at 10 and 17 day of age, no statistically significant (P>0,05) difference was found between the groups. At the 24 and 31 day of age, the average weight of control group was again statistically significantly (P<0,05) higher than the weight of the experimental group. There was no significant difference in the hatchability of fertilized eggs, which was 92,2 % in the control group and 90,4 % in the experimental group. However, the mean embryonic mortality was 1,76 % and the late mortality 2,47 % in the control group, while the mean mortality was 0,71 % and the late 4,17 % in the experimental group, these differences were statistically significant (P<0,05). The difference in the average weight of the yolk sacs, in the proportion of yolk sacs from live weight and in the activity of T3 (thyroid hormone triiodothyronine), which reached 1,38 nmol/l in day-old chicks of the control group and 1,35 nmol/l in the experimental group was not statistically significant (P>0,05). No statistically significant (P>0,05) difference was found in feed conversion. Based on the results, the increased incubation temperature (102,5 ° F) has had a negative impact on the growth of broiler chickens.
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Základy užitkového chovu poštovních holubů a jejich etologie
PITZMOS, Jiří
The bachelor's thesis deals with the basics of commercial breeding of carrier pigeons and their ethology. The aim of this thesis is to determine the economic intensity of closed intensive breeding of medium size pigeons and to evaluate the factors influencing profitability. Part of the research is a breeding experiment in which utility and production parameters such as nesting frequency, hatchability, daily pigeon gains, yield in relation to food intake and ethological monitoring are monitored.
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Vliv teploty na oplozenost a líhnivost po krátkodobém skladování neoplozených jiker sumce velkého (Silurus glanis)
PŘIBYL, Tadeáš
The experiment validated the impact of storage of artificially spawned unfertilised eggs of European catfish on fertilization, hatching and the beginning of exogenous food intake throughout the transition from the embryonic to larval life period. The eggs from artificially spawned individuals have been used for this experiment using the induction of ovulation by the carp pituitary system. Sperm from each individual was collected by stripping using a hypodermic needle, that were partially filled with immobilising solution for sperm before artificial spawning of female individuals. Artificial stripping of fish was carried out under anaesthesia (by clove oil). Immediately after artificial hatching, samples of eggs (approximately 50 g) were put into six plastic bowls. Covered with wet cloth, bowls with eggs were placed into tempered, isolating thermo boxes with temperatures of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 °C. Subsequently, in time intervals of 0,5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 10 hours (after spawning) a small amount of eggs (approximately 50 pieces) was taken away from each temperature and put into glass beakers (with three repetitions), then the sperm was added and finally activated by adding water. In beakers with incubated non-sticking eggs and during the consequent storage of hatching embryos through temperature between 19,5-20 °C, water was changed two times a day. Approximately 4 hours after incubation, the exact number of used and fertilised eggs, was calculated. Unfertilised eggs (of white colour) and dead embryos were removed. Hatchery was assessed approximately 100 hours after fertilisation, when all living embryos had been hatched. After another 115 hours, throughout the transition from the embryonic to larval life development, live food (nauplia Artemia) was put into each bowl. Three hours after, individuals that began the food intake were calculated. The highest level of fertilisation was found in eggs stored between 0,5 and 2 hours (95,0?2,2 % - 100,0?0,0 %). The decrease in fertilisation is noticeable in all tested groups after 3 hours from stripping. Statistically significant decrease in fertilization was detected in eggs stored for 6 hours, the storage temperature did not affect the fertilization. Similar results have been maintained also in hatchery, where hatchery decreases as storage time increases. The highest level of hatchery was found in eggs stored in 25 °C (for 0,5 h 61,4?5,5 %), or more precisely 1 h 42,8?12,9 %). Hatching significantly decreases in all storage temperatures when storage time is longer than half an hour. The last parameter concerned how many percent of the individuals began the food intake. The highest level was recorded in eggs stored for half an hour (after spawning) in 25 °C (60,1?5,3 %), 30 °C (54,5?17,7 %) and 20 °C (39,0?12,7 %). On the contrary, storage temperatures 5 °C, 10 °C and 15 °C had results between 8,9?2,8 % and 35,0?18,8 %. Total mortality was detected when the storage time was more than 8 hours. It is necessary to fertilize the eggs as soon as possible (max. up to half an hour) after spawning, and to avoid storage of eggs at low temperatures (below 15 °C), to obtain viable individuals.
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Role of microorganisms in the evolution of reproductive strategies in birds
Novotná, Lucie ; Javůrková, Veronika (advisor) ; Ferenc, Michal (referee)
Microorganisms are ubiquitous and can be found on the body of birds, in avian nests or may be carried into the nest along with nest-lining material. Microorganisms may therefore colonize eggshells of eggs in a clutch and subsequently penetrate into the egg contents. This so called trans-shell infection has been observed to affect hatching success, cause embryo mortality or subsequently influence hatchlings phenotype. Nevertheless, the probability of eggshell bacterial load or trans-shell infection depends on many factors, including environmental conditions, nest type, incubation pattern, and nest-lining material. Furthermore, some modifications of avian reproductive strategies may lead to reduction of negative effect of trans-shell infections, and significantly improve reproductive success. These mechanisms include incubation, mechanical and chemical barriers of egg, eggshell pigments or using of feathers and specific plants as nest lining material. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that the different reproductive strategies in birds should be a result of strong selective pressure caused by microorganisms. Although many recent studies have supported this assumption, research on this issue still suffers from many methodological shortcomings that must be eliminated in future studies.
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Vliv předehřívání vajec na líhnivost při dlouhodobém skladování násadových vajec u křepelky japonské
Freislebenová, Jana
Hatching eggs storage has also a negative impact on hatching in Japanese quails. Hatchability is significantly reduced when the eggs are stored longer than 10 days. The pre-incubation used in broiler chickens is a method that could reduce the negative impact of long-term storage in the Japanese quail too. In the experiments, a total of one thousand two hundred and ninety pieces of Japanese quail eggs were used. This eggs were divided into pre-incubated eggs and eggs without pre-incubation. The pre-incubation was 8 hours, 3x 1 hour (including pre-incubation on the day of egg collection and subsequently every 5th day), 2x 1 hour (every 5th day of storage) and 3x 1 hour (every 5th day during the 21 day storage). The pre-incubation time was measured, when 35 °C was reached on the surface of the shell (37.5 °C inside the incubator). The eggs were stored at 12.0 °C for 14 and 21 days. Embryonal mortality was determined after hatching. Pre-incubation 8 hours had statistically significant negative effect (P<0.05) on hatchability at storage of 14 days; the hatchability was 76.2% in the non-heated eggs and 56.5% in the pre-incubated eggs. The pre-incubation for 3x 1 hour and 2x 1 hour during the 14 day storage period had positive effect on hatchability, which was improved by 7.1% (pre-incubation for 3x 1 hour) and by 4.8 % (pre-incubation 2x 1 hour), but these positive effects were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). At the last experiment, pre-incubation was applied 3 times for 1 hour during the 21 days of storage, and the positive effect of the pre-incubation, which increased the hatching by 0.9%, was observed. This positive effect was also not statistically significant (P>0.05).
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Vliv skladování násadových vajec na parametry užitkovosti brojlerových kuřat
Skoupá, Markéta
This thesis deals with the effect of eighteen-day storage of hatching eggs of broiler chickens on the quality of day-old chicks and their performance parameters. The experiment was performed on 562 Ross 308 hybrid chickens from hatch to day 35 of age. Control group chicks were hatched from eggs set in to incubator after four days of lay, while the test group eggs were stored for 18 days prior to incubation. There was no statistically significant (P˃0,05) difference between the groups in the average day-old chicks weight. However, at days 10, 17, 24, 31, and 35, the average weight of experimental group was statistically significant (P˂0,05) below the weight of the control group. The chickens of the experimental group showed statistically significant (P˂0,05) higher trypsin activity (2703,15 U/ml) compared to the control group chickens (2125,60 U/ml). The difference in the average weight of the pancreas or pancreas in proportion of live weight between the groups was not statistically significant. There was no difference in the mean villus length between the groups studied. However, the mean depth of intestinal crypts was statistically significantly (P˂0.05) higher (106,78 µm) in the control group than in the experimental group (89,64 µm). A statistically significant (P˂0,05) difference was also found in the ratio between villi length and crypt depth, where the ratio was 5,07 in the experimental group, while in the control group it was lower (4,60). Long-term storage of hatching eggs has had a negative impact on the growth of broiler chickens.
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Vliv zahřívání vajec během dlouhodobého skladování na líhnivost kuřat masného typu
Tesařová, Martina
Longtime storage of fertilized eggs have negative effect on hatchability, length of hatching and quality of one day old chikens. Preincubation of fertilized eggs during storage is way to eliminate its negative effect. During preincubation the stage of embryonic development was shifted. The goal of this thesis is to determinate, if the repeated preincubations of fertilized eggs during storage time period of 2x4 and 2x8 hours (35° C) can help to increase hatchery of fertilized eggs during storaged at temperature of 15° C. During the experiment was used 14 400 fertilized egs of ROSS 308 hybrid, which was splitted into three parts sorted by age of paranting flock, 30, 46 and 58 weeks. On the seventh day of incubation the egg was lighted through to derminate if it is early embryonic mortality or unfertilized eggs. At the ond of hatching (21st Day) were the nonhatched eggs tested for early embryonic mortality. Statistically conclusive positive effect of preincubation (P < 0,05) was reached at parenting age of 30 weeks. Statistically nonconclusive effect of preincubation (P > 0,05) was reached at parenting age of 45 weeks. Statistically conclusive negative effect of preincubation (P < 0,05) was reached at parenting age of 58 weeks. During the dermination of embryonic development depending on the parenting age of the flock was used 900 eggs, 60 for every group. After laying the eggs every group was at the same stage of embryonic development at stage X (79,3 %). Most of the other (20,7%) at stage XI. Fertilized eggs from parrent flock at ages 45 and 58 weeks were because of the repeated preincubation shifted to stage XIV, 2, 3 and 4 due to longer time expousure of egg to biological minimum temperature.
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Reprodukční schopnosti vybraných volně žijících aviárních druhů chovaných v ZOO Zlín
Horský, Roman
The aim of the experiment solved in the present thesis was to evaluate the reproductive abilities of Yellow billed Stork, Milky Stork and Painted Stork. Eleven of Yellow billed Stork parents laid 46 eggs on average a length of 66.1 mm and a width of 47.0 mm. Eggs reaching an average weight of 80.5 g. Over the entire period under review by Yellow billed Stork hatched 24 chicks and 15 of them managed to breed. One parent couple of Milky Stork laid a total of 23 eggs with an average a length of 65.7 mm, a width of 47.0 mm and weight of 79.7 g. In total during the reporting period, 13 chicks hatched and have managed to 5 individuals to breed successfully. Twelve of Painted Stork parents withstand a total of 90 eggs, but was found a large number of unfertilized eggs (n = 38) and damaged eggs (n = 17). A total of 23 chicks hatched and bred were 11 individuals. Based on the average daily gain of young storks, concluded that the best suit local climatic conditions and breeding technology in Zoo Zlin were for Yellow billed Storks, where the average daily gain was 55.1 g, while the intensity of growth of more than half lower (26.0 g.den-1) in the young of Painted Stork.
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Vliv teploty na udržení schopnosti oplození a líhnivosti při přechovávání neoplozených jiker u lína obecného
ANDONIU, Andreas
This theses deals with the storage length of artificially spawn of hard roes of Tench (Tinca tinca) during different temperatures at the time before the semen discharging and activation to fertilization, hatching and consequent survival of fish hatchery throughout changeover from the embryonic to larval life period (beginning of active food intake). Homogeneous assortment of hard roes obtained from hormonally induced artificial hatching of 6 spawners has been used for this experiment. Samples of hard roes were put into plastic bowls and covered, immediately after artificial hatching. Subsequently, they were placed into tempered, thermo-isolating containers with temperatures of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 °C. In time intervals of 0.5; 1; 1,5; 2; 3; 4; 6; 8 and 10 hours, a small amount of hard roes were taken away from each temperature (estimated 50 -100 pieces) and put into dry, glass beakers (in 3 repetitions in each temperature combination and length of storage). Subsequently, the semen discharging from 6 milters was carried out and activation by water was performed. Incubation took place in non-sticking environment. During the incubation, or more precisely during the consequent storage of embryos through temperatures between 19-20.5 °C, water was changed daily. Fertilization was evaluated 48 hours after fertilizing. Hatchery was determined 48 hours after beginning of hatching of first specimen. After changeover from embryonic to larval period of ontogenetic development, living food was offered to hatching fish (artemia sp.). Thereafter, the amount of hatched fish with filled intestines was counted. Ascertained values were depicted as a percentage from the total number of seeded hard roes as well as fertilized hard roes with the use of statistic methods (two factors Anovy with the repetition). The highest level (in statistic evaluation on the importance level alfa = 0.05) of hard roe hatchery was accomplished throughout the length of possession and temperature 1 hour/ 25 °C (68.0 +- 3.1 %). The high level of hatchery was maintained by hard roes stored for 2 hours, afterwards a gradual value decrease was registered. Similarly, that was achieved with hatching parameter, where the high level of hatching was achieved with hard roes possessed for the period of 3 hours (except temperature of 30 °C), afterwards the hatchery was decreased. Pursued survival and food intake parameters of hatched fish (from the practical point of view) confirmed above stated dispositions. The high hatchery from placed hard roes was maintained for 1.5 - 3 hours (except 30 °C), thereafter there was its gradual decrease. In the time of 8 hours (temperatures 5 - 20 °C), the survival of 1.2 +- 1.8 %, was found out, with the rest, the survival was nearly zero.
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